BOP also called blowout preventer, is a major component of drilling wellhead are divided, it is in the high-pressure reservoir drilled to ensure safety and prevent oil and gas well blowout key equipment. In the drilling process, people refer to it as a mouthful of the total gate oil, gas wells, gas shut tigers' cage. "
With the development of modern drilling technology development and high-pressure oil and gas fields on the BOP has put forward higher requirements:
1. Safe and reliable, able to withstand shut underground oil, gas and water layer maximum pressure to ensure that no washout;
2. Can quickly close and open;
3. Unrestricted shape of the object when plugging wells;
4. Relief can be controlled so that the test and when the blowout wellhead pressure is low, in order to facilitate the smooth progress of other jobs,
5. The following operations can be performed without the killing of:
(1) can not play under pressure and drilling;
(2) can be sprayed side while drilling;
(3) can be carried out and dress wellhead completion.
Country in the 1950s to begin production of the blowout preventer, with manual operation, shut slow, backward structure to withstand pressure is low (only 75 atm), poor security and reliability. Not easy when sealed wellhead blowout, causing the accident. Practice has proved that it can not adapt to the development of high-pressure oil and gas fields and modern drilling technology requirements, should be phased out.
Early seventies, the country began to develop new hydraulic BOP. A lot of practice to prove that such a blowout preventer can safely and reliably control the oil and gas well blowout in a few seconds, and can withstand high-pressure test, high-pressure oil is drilled, gas reservoir of the necessary equipment.
Hydraulic BOP generally consists of the following components:
1. Casing bottom flange.
2. Special Stone. Mounted on the casing bottom flange on each side of a blowout pipeline access, mainly for snubbing complete facelift drilling mouth design.
3. Ordinary Stone. BOP is generally supporting the cross, mounted on a short section of double flange. Each side can take a blowout pipeline.
4. BOP hydraulic double plate. Connected to the common four-way, under normal circumstances, above encapsulated in a semi-closed gate drill core, full-closed gate installed below the core.
5. BOP hydraulic multi efficacy. Also known as universal BOP, annular BOP, BOP ball. Connected to the double plate BOP housing built with a steel skeleton, pumpkin-shaped plastic core, can be closed within a bore drill a variety of shapes and space when no drill (also known as zero letters).
6. Rotary blowout preventer. From side spray while drilling and snubbing from the drilling operations.
7. Bellnipple. (For two, Floor said Hough-type);
8. Gate valve and needle valve. Discharge nozzle mounted in line, respectively, for the control and regulation of wellhead pressure put by spraying.
There are a set of control systems and hydraulic BOP and supporting the use of hydraulic valve, use it to control the entire hydraulic wellhead blowout preventer. The control system consists of the translation process the console, as well as the composition of the driller's console connection manifold of three parts.
First, domestic and hydraulic BOP
1. The domestic hydraulic BOP.
Model Description: The KPY23-350 an example, Kpy three-letter word in the K wellhead class code P and Y to "spray", the first letter of pinyin "liquid" two words, representatives of the blowout preventer Hydraulic. 23 representatives working diameter of 23 cm, 350 representatives of the working pressure of 350 kg / cm.
At present, the domestic high-pressure hydraulic BOP positive development, and improve the performance of multi-effectiveness of sealing and BOP hydraulic control system.
2. The United States hydraulic BOP
US production of hydraulic BOP mainly Cameroon, Sophie and Hadley three companies.
BOP hydraulic control system is an important part of the blowout preventer and wellhead control directly affects reliability.
US production of BOP control system mainly manufacturers, in addition to the above three, as well as libraries US companies.
 US and Cameroon library control system has a hydraulic control electric, gas and a liquid control and three types of voice, and a gas-liquid control based. In cold weather plug an electric-hydraulic control region, and a voice for underwater.
Motor and the circuit portion, are explosion-proof type, the power electric pumps and pneumatic pumps pump, the accumulator pressure can be so little in less time 12 to 15 minutes from 70 kg / cm charge to 210 kg / sq. cm. Through the three-way valve will force oil allocated to each BOP, BOP control each on or off. Three-way valve is a valve on the driller's control console. Can be less than 2lO kg / cm range of different pressures by the pressure reducing valve from 210 kg / cm of the accumulator system, and in an emergency without the high pressure liquid valve allows the system to reach 350 kg / cm².
US libraries when control pressure control system is 210 kg / cm, 140 kg / cm and 105 kg / cm in three sizes, but generally recommended to use 210 kg / cm system, which is due to the high pressure system shutdown BOP with less time, and reliable, while the high-pressure system less liquid, small size. Cameron control systems are 210 kg / sq cm.
Energy storage in the form of libraries beautiful structure: cylinder-shaped separator type (including the diaphragm and bladder-type), cylinder-shaped and spherical guided float, while Cameroon are cylindrical float, float structure is also different.
Calculation accumulator volume vary, according to the calculation, the control system can only be used Cameron Cameron BOP equipment, or smaller than it is consumed liquid amount of BOP equipment. The library system uses the US this wider scope.
Cameron control system also has unique features, such as the inlet check valve in the three-way valve, so the switch after the blowout preventer, not leaving because of fluid loss control systems BOP relief.
3. Romania BOP
Romania BOP (including mechanical and hydraulic) specifications.
In KPY 23-350 BOP for the guillotine, and each part of the structure of the overall presentation of hydraulic BOP.
Two, KPY23-350 BOP overall structure and characteristics
Composition 1.KPY23-350 BOP;
BOP body height ≈3 meters
The total weight of ≈15 ton blowout preventer.
Structural features 2.KPY23-350 BOP
(1) with a variety of efficacy
The BOP can be sealed within a 230 mm diameter in the range of various sizes and shapes of the drill, wire rope, cable, etc., to meet the edge of the spray while drilling, if equipped with a pressure device also for snubbing drill and counter circulation process.
(2) hydraulic control
BOP double plate opening and closing, and more run down the effectiveness of the BOP hydraulic piston and valve opening and closing, both hydraulic control, low labor intensity, safe and reliable.
Yuji drilling with hydraulic system console and remote console. When the blowout accident, the operator can not only be used in the drill floor of the driller's panel, but you can also use 30 to 40 meters away from the wellhead remote console.
Hydraulic system with energy storage, to ensure timely oil. If for blowout without power, so that when the hydraulic pump is not working, the energy storage device capable of being stored in the high-pressure oil discharged promptly and effectively to ensure that all BOP closing and opening l ~ 2 times.
Hydraulic pump circuit system is equipped with automatic pressure switch control, the system pressure is lower than 85 kg open automatically when the pump is higher than 140 kg when the pump stops automatically.
(3) the ability of strong self-styled
(4) Each part of the main parts of alloy steel and heat treatment, it has a small size, light weight, and high pressure.
Three, KPY23-350 rotary blowout preventer
1. Rotate BOP basic parameters:
   Working diameter 230 mm
   Maximum working pressure of 50 kg / cm
   Puncture head size 2 7/8 "3 1/2" 4 1/2 ", 5"
   Sealable drill pipe 2 7/8 "3 1/2" 4 1/2 ", 5"
   Can seal kelly 3 ", 3 1/2", 4 1/2 ", 5 1/4"
   105,121,146,159 mm drill collars can be sealed
   Strength test pressure 100 kg / cm
   Sealing test pressure 50 kg / cm
   Maximum speed of 120 rev / min
   Flange connection form, bolts
   Dimensions (diameter × height) φ500 × 570
   Weight 500 kg
2. Rotate the structure and role of the principle BOP
Its principle: When the blowout occurred, first with the gate (or efficacy) BOP drill sealed, closed the wellhead. If you need to continue drilling, drilling from side edge when spraying, you can hit the open spray valve, so that the wellhead pressure drops to 50 kg / cm or less, will be connected to the drill guide Kelly, into the rotary blowout preventer, and then connected to the wellhead drilling, breaking intraday generous tile drill, drilling slowly decentralization, let sit rotary blowout preventer double plate (or performance) on the BOP, tighten the screw connection tamarisk, in order to ensure connecting steel seal ring at. Open the double plate (or efficacy) BOP, BOP rotating wellhead pressure to bear, then drill through the rotary blowout preventer, the self-styled plastic core drill pipe or kelly will hold fast to achieve sealed wells Oil pressure increases the ability of self-styled self-styled plastic core, so that the seal is more reliable. When drilling by rotary kelly bushing BOP square, rotated head and rotary axis, enabling side spray while drilling new technology. When you need to pick a single or forced from the drilling, the self-styled plastic core can act as a seal.
Each rotary blowout preventer with 2 7/8 ", 3 1/2", 4 1/2 ", 5" four specifications of the self
Sealed plastic core and 3 ", 3 1/2", 4 1/2 ", 5 1/4" square four sizes fill the heart. When the drilling BHA can be selected according to the situation appropriately.
Four, KPY23-350 more effectiveness BOP
1, multi-effectiveness BOP basic parameters l
Working diameter 230 mm
Operating pressure 350 kg / cm
Installation BOP casing sizes 5 "to 9 5/8"
Plugging the range from 0 to 230 mm in various shapes drill
Control pressure 85 to 140 kg / cm
Close once the required 26 liters of oil
Close one time 8 ~ 10 seconds
Open a required 16 liters of oil
The time required to open the first 6 to 8 seconds
Dimensions (diameter × height) φ920 × 1040
Weight 3200 kg
2. More structure and function of the effectiveness of the principle of BOP
Its principle: In the event of a blowout when needed plugging, from the hydraulic system of high-pressure oil into the cylinder lower chamber, the piston upward, pushing the piston cone make pumpkin-shaped plastic core contraction, hold fast to drill or closure "zero" to achieve the purpose of plugging. When you need open, high-pressure oil into the cylinder chamber, the piston down, pumpkin-shaped plastic core immediately release swell, so plugging lifted.
Its main features are:
(1) plugging range, can seal all kinds of specifications, the shape of the drill pipe, drill collars, casing, drill pipe connectors and cables, wires, etc., can be closed, "zero."
(2) applies to drill with a 18 ° slope of the force from the drilling operations.
(3) plastic core work in a state of compression of the piston, so that when it is in a considerable degree of wear and tear, after de-block, the piston continues to compress the rubber core, can continue to short-term use.
Five, KPY23-350 double plate BOP
Basic parameters 1. double plate BOP;
Working diameter 230 mm
Operating pressure 350 kg / cm
Cylinder working pressure 85 to 140 kg / cm
Switch once the desired amount of oil from 8.5 to 9.5 liters
A time switch 4 to 6 seconds
Flanged lateral diameter 80 mm
Shutter Size 2 7/8 "3 1/2" 4 1/2 ", 5", 4 1/2 ", full closure
Dimensions 2027 × 760 × 780 mm
Weight 300 kg
2. The structure and role of the principle of double plate BOP
The blowout preventer can be installed at the same time two gate, usually in the upper half of the upper loading gate closure, full closure on the lower loading gate, so called double plate BOP. It mainly consists of a housing, around cover, consisting of about hydraulic cylinder, cylinder head around, gate assembly, piston, piston assembly, locking shaft.
Principle: In the event of a blowout when needed plugging, from the hydraulic system of high-pressure oil into the cylinder chamber through the pipeline outside the hinge base within the piston assembly line drive to the inside, pushing the piston rod assembly to the inside gate OK, so the rubber core within the hold of the shutter assembly drill (or full closure), so as to achieve the purpose of plugging. Conversely, when the high pressure oil chamber into the liquid tank, push the piston layman, then plugging lifted, the wellhead is opened. If the hydraulic system failure or an external power supply is cut off when there is not enough oil so that the BOP is closed, you can manipulate the manual mechanism, close the blowout preventer. If a longer time to be plugging, also with manual locking mechanism and prevent the leakage of the hydraulic system, BOP automatic release.
Manual agency action principle: the right hand wheel rotation, drive locking axis, so that the piston rod assembly together in rows against the gate, to plugging and locking purposes. Manual mechanism can not be opened and closed. For when open, it must be returned to the original L-hand wheel position, and then the high pressure oil chamber playing days liquid tank, BOP opens.
3. Double plate BOP structural features:
(1) the design of the two together in a blowout preventer housing and the use of ribs, so the structure is compact and lightweight.
(2) gate is "floating", and not the full contact with the upper and lower walls, only to slide on the guide bars, so little switch resistance, long shutter small rubber wear life, when switching guide rib produce scraping squeeze effect, can automatically exclude sediment.
(3) the use of side panels, and both end portions of the hinge structure, the work of inspection and replacement of the shutter gate is very convenient.
(4) increasing the safety and reliability of manual closing and locking devices.
(5) the use of the well pressure pushes the shutter to increase the sealing action of the drill extrusion, improve the sealing effect.
(6) The blowout preventer piston rod packing a "secondary" sealing mechanism, the blowout preventer to prevent oil spills, leaks.
(7) The new ram: ram rubber as a whole, strength, sealing strong, find themselves in the organization, the new gate can be used on both sides, and long life.
There are relief holes (8) blowout preventer, pressure relief capability, easy hold back bad.
Six, KPY23-350 put spray system
Put the spray system is mainly a four-way, eight manual valve and a hydraulic valve composition, and a bottom flange for each field using the (female bottom flange usually consists of a single field with white lines), all kinds of 3000 kg.
Seven, YKP23-350 hydraulic control system
A high pressure hydraulic control system is to control the opening and closing of the blowout preventer apparatus. It can be controlled by a multi-effectiveness of BOP, BOP a double plate and a hydraulic valve blowout. As the system with energy storage device, so bring enough pressure and high-pressure oil displacement stored up, when they need through the high pressure oil control valve member quickly gave blowout preventers and hydraulic valve to reach the switch the purpose.
Hydraulic control system mainly by the Secretary drill console, remote console composed of three parts and join manifold.
1. Remote Console
Remote Console on the outside 30 meters away from the wellhead safety valve, BOP remote control switch. It consists of the fuel tank, electrical control box, safety valve, two-way valves, pumps, motors and energy storage devices and other components. Easy to handle mounted on the same base.
Electric control box specifically control the start and stop of motor. Box equipped with a pressure relay. After opening the pump, when the pressure was increased to 140 kg / cm, the pump will automatically stop when the pressure dropped to 85 kg / sq cm, and automatically open the pump to control the pressure to ensure the system is always in the 85 to 140 kg / cm range.
Pressure relief valve is used to control the upper limit of the system, when the pressure exceeds the pressure limit, the valve opens, allowing the oil "shorting" the high pressure oil directly back into the tank;
Two-way rotary valve in the remote console a total installed five were more effectiveness BOP control, semi-closed gate, full closure gate, pressure regulator and hydraulic release spray valve.
Common electric piston pumps and pneumatic piston pump, which provides high pressure oil to the hydraulic control system.
Since stored hydraulic energy accumulator role, a common spherical and cylindrical type two. Operating pressure of 140 kg / cm (maximum pressure of 210 kg / cm),
The accumulator is filled with nitrogen pressure of 60 to 70 kg / sq cm. When the well site accidents, require BOP quickly closed, so when the pressure needed to close the blowout preventer oil displacement is quite large, but usually they do not need no action BOP pressure oil. If you completely rely on the oil pump discharge to switch the blowout preventer, the oil pump and motor is large, in the usual idle again, this is not the economy; and when the blowout, starting the motor is easy because the electrical spark and cause a fire, it is unsafe. So now comes with a small electric or pneumatic pump, and the pump discharge of oil stored in the accumulator, and as long as the energy storage capacity is sufficient, you can at the time of the blowout, due to power failure or stop gas accumulator discharge alone oil to quickly open and close the blowout preventer. And the number of operations can be big child twice. The switch is controlled by a pressure pump relay, after the accumulator pressure oil reservoir is full, the pump will stop.
2. driller console
Driller console called the main control panel, mounted on the rig floor, usually by driller operator console control BOP. Blowouts can not operate on the drill floor when closed by the remote console to the blowout preventer. Driller console built with valves, pressure regulators, two-way rotary valve, pressure gauge and so on. Five two-way valve control the multi-performance, semi-closed gate, full closure gate, put the spray valves and hydraulic pressure regulator.
3. The connection manifold
It is all the hydraulic system control valve member itself and hydraulic blowout preventer valve link up hydraulic oil passage. Depending on the role of the oil, the pipeline can be divided into two main oil pipeline and oil pipeline control.
Simple hydraulic system works is: after the hydraulic oil pressure pump into the accumulator stored, the need to close (or open) BOP when the control valve handle to the appropriate location, then high-pressure hydraulic oil will through the high pressure manifold into the cylinder to push the piston movement, which led to the gate, to the closed (or open) wellhead purposes.
Eight major consumables and wearing parts
1. Consumables
(1) hydraulic oil: 22 turbine oil.
(2) a storage of a gas: nitrogen and other inert gases.
2. Wearing parts
(1) of the pump plunger packing.
(2) accumulator capsules.
(3) a variety of rubber seals.
(4) rims.
(5) gate body, rubber valve plate and screws.
(6) the valve stem and the valve plate.
(7) spherical plastic core (pumpkin core)
(8) self-styled plastic core.